Authors:
Theoharis C. Theoharides,1,2,3,4,* Maria Kavalioti,5 and Irene Tsilioni1
Locations:
Molecular Immunopharmacology and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Department of Internal Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Department of Psychiatry, Tufts University School of Medicine and Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA
Graduate Program in Education, Lesley University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
*Correspondence: ude.stfut@sedirahoeht.sirahoeht; Tel.: +617-636-6866; Fax: +617-636-2456
Year published: 07/2019
Summary:
This study delves into the complex interplay between neuroinflammation, stress, and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It highlights that while the etiology of ASD remains multifaceted, factors like immune dysregulation, brain inflammation, and stress responses may play significant roles.
The paper outlines how inflammation in the brain, driven by molecules like interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and CXCL8, possibly originating from microglial activation, could contribute to ASD. Additionally, it explores the involvement of mast cells, known for their role in allergic reactions, in brain inflammation. Mast cells, located not only in peripheral tissues but also in the brain, are implicated in modulating responses to stress and environmental triggers.
The discussion extends to stress-induced alterations in the amygdala, a brain region central to fear processing and emotional regulation. Stress, particularly prenatal stress, is linked to changes in amygdala circuitry and heightened fear responses, potentially contributing to the behavioral manifestations observed in ASD.
The study suggests a mechanistic link between environmental stressors, inflammation mediated by mast cells and microglia, and disruptions in amygdala function, which may underlie aspects of ASD pathogenesis. It proposes inhibiting inflammation in the amygdala as a potential therapeutic strategy for ASD, citing natural compounds like tetramethoxyluteolin as potential candidates for modulating inflammatory responses.
Overall, the study underscores the importance of understanding the intricate interactions between immune dysregulation, stress responses, and neural circuits in the context of ASD, offering insights into potential avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Comments:
In general, mast cell issues often stem from the infiltration of toxins into the bloodstream, facilitated by a compromised intestinal barrier commonly referred to as "leaky gut." Factors contributing to this phenomenon include dysbiosis, impaired liver detoxification pathways, and genetic predispositions, which collectively elevate the burden of toxins on the liver. Consequently, healthcare practitioners should prioritize interventions targeting the microbiome and liver function as pivotal areas of focus. Concurrently, managing histamine surges can significantly ameliorate symptomatology associated with mast cell dysfunction.
These compounds offer a diverse array of natural remedies that may help alleviate histamine and mast cell-related issues:
Vitamin C: Known for its potent antioxidant properties, vitamin C can help stabilize mast cells and reduce histamine release, thereby mitigating allergic responses.
Quercetin: A flavonoid found in various fruits and vegetables, quercetin possesses anti-inflammatory and antihistamine properties. It can help stabilize mast cells and inhibit histamine release, offering relief from allergy symptoms.
Stinging nettle: Traditionally used to treat allergies, stinging nettle contains compounds that may inhibit histamine receptors and reduce inflammation, making it beneficial for managing allergic reactions.
Bromelain: Derived from pineapple stems, bromelain has anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce allergic responses by inhibiting histamine release and modulating immune function.
Perilla: Rich in rosmarinic acid and other bioactive compounds, perilla has anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties, making it useful for relieving symptoms associated with histamine and mast cell activation.
Bacopa: While primarily known for its cognitive benefits, bacopa also exhibits anti-inflammatory properties that may help alleviate mast cell-related issues by modulating immune responses.
Palmitoylethanolamide: This endogenous lipid compound has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, which may help regulate immune responses and reduce mast cell activation.
Luteolin: Found in various fruits and vegetables, luteolin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It can inhibit histamine release and modulate immune responses, potentially alleviating allergic symptoms.
Ginger root: Known for its anti-inflammatory properties, ginger root may help reduce mast cell activation and histamine release, offering relief from allergy symptoms.
Chamomile flower: Chamomile contains flavonoids and other bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antiallergic properties. It can help soothe inflammation and alleviate symptoms associated with mast cell activation.
Boswellia: Extracted from the resin of Boswellia trees, boswellia exhibits anti-inflammatory effects that may help reduce mast cell activation and alleviate allergic symptoms.
Rutin: Found in various fruits and vegetables, rutin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It can help stabilize mast cells and inhibit histamine release, offering relief from allergy symptoms.
These compounds, whether consumed as dietary supplements or incorporated into the diet through whole foods, offer natural and potentially effective strategies for managing histamine and mast cell-related issues, providing relief from allergic symptoms and promoting overall well-being. However, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before incorporating these compounds into your routine, especially if you have existing health conditions or are taking medications.
Comments